食品安全视角下我国农药监管政策的需求分析

全面梳理了历年我国农药监管的相关政策,系统分析了农药减量监管政策实施的理论需求和现实要求,并基于我国农药用量和粮食产量趋势、农药残留及农药致病等事实数据进行了补充分析.结果 表明:纵观我国农药政策的演进,农药的监管日趋严格,农药减量政策契合理论和现实需要.事实数据表明,尽管我国口粮安全有了"量"的保障,但农药残留等"质"的问题仍需足够重视.鉴于此,我国应加快实施和推进针对性的农药减量监管政策,实现农业"量"与"质"的协调发展.     

浙江仙居括苍山省级自然保护区天蛾科昆虫资源调查

于2014-2019年每年的4-10月、2020年4-8月,对浙江仙居括苍山省级自然保护区的天蛾科Sphingidae昆虫进行了调查,共采集标本128号,经鉴定分别隶属于3亚科、20属、32种(含亚种)。依据我国动物地理区系,浙江仙居括苍山省级自然保护区的天蛾科昆虫与华中区、华南区、西南区、青藏区、华北区共有种较多,属于东洋界华中区。     

城市公园绿地空间布局与供需匹配研究——以兰州市为例

以兰州主城区为例，运用核密度估计法，在对公园绿地空间布局特征分析的基础上，采用改进的两步移动搜索法对公园绿地供需匹配性进行评价，并探究其成因。结果表明:1)公园绿地总体分布呈现整体分散、局部集中的特征；不同类型公园绿地空间布局模式存在较大差异，综合公园呈现“均匀式”布局态势，专类公园呈现“双核心”空间格局，社区公园呈现“西密东疏”的集聚特征。2)主城区公园绿地供需匹配程度总体呈现出“北高南低、西高东低”空间分布特征；从西北—东南向剖面来看，总体呈现出“M”型分布态势；不同类型公园绿地供需比值均大致呈现出“西高东低”的共性特征，但由于各类公园绿地分布数量、面积和服务半径的差异，不同类型公园绿地与人口供需匹配程度也存在差异。3)人口分布、交通路网、公园绿地自身及周边环境是影响城市公园绿地供需匹配度空间分异的主要因素。     

不同施肥对稻-菜种植模式氮磷吸收及径流流失的影响

  目的  探讨不同肥料对作物养分吸收及农田氮磷流失的影响。  方法  利用水稻Oryza sativa -白菜Brassica pekinensis 轮作田间小区试验, 设置不施肥(ck)、纯化肥(FP)、半替代有机肥(50%有机肥替代，CM)、炭基肥(CC)4个处理，研究不同处理下水稻和白菜产量，作物氮磷吸收量和氮磷径流损失量的变化。  结果  与ck相比，施肥条件下水稻产量显著增加了33.5%~42.5%(P＜0.05)，白菜产量显著增加了26.0%~31.8%(P＜0.05)，水稻氮吸收量显著提高了41.9%~57.4%(P＜0.05)，磷吸收量显著提高了22.8%~41.7%(P＜0.05)，但3种施肥间没有显著差异。与ck相比，3种施肥条件下白菜氮吸收量提高了33.8%~53.6%，CM处理显著高于其他(P＜0.05)，磷吸收量提高了163.5%~267.8%，增幅从大到小依次为FP、CM、CC、ck，不同处理间差异显著(P＜0.05)。稻季3种施肥处理的氮磷径流流失量为13.49~15.32和2.19~2.61 kg·hm?2，径流率为3.5%~4.2%和2.0%~2.4%，菜季氮磷流失量为6.33~6.82和0.35~0.44 kg·hm?2，径流率为1.3%~1.6%和0.1%~0.4%，不同施肥处理间差异不显著(P＞0.05)。  结论  相同养分当量情况下，纯化肥、半替代有机肥、炭基肥对稻菜种植模式氮磷养分吸收及径流流失无影响。图3表4参25     

基因组Ⅰ型和Ⅴ型传染性胰脏坏死病毒的分离与鉴定

为调查造成中国西北某虹鳟Oncorhynchus mykiss养殖场幼鱼出现持续性死亡的病因,采用组织病理切片观察及分子鉴定的方法对患病虹鳟进行了鲑鳟常见病毒筛查,同时采用系统发育分析、电镜观察、滴度测定及人工回归感染等方法对分离获得的毒株进行了基因型分析、显微结构观察及毒力特性分析等研究.结果表明:患病虹鳟的肝、脾及肾组织细胞发生广泛性坏死,并伴随空泡化及溶解等现象;由病鱼内脏组织制备的组织匀浆悬液均能够感染CHSE-214细胞并产生典型细胞病变(CPE);从该养殖场的不同养殖区域共分离到3株传染性胰脏坏死病毒(infectious pancreatic necrosis virus,IPNV),其中IPNV-F1和IPNV-W2属于基因组Ⅰ型,分别与IPNV中国分离株WZ2016(KX355401)和ChRtm213(KX234591)同源性最高,VP2基因片段序列一致性分别为100％和98.5％,IPNV-W1属于基因组Ⅴ型,与意大利毒株IPNV/O.mykiss/I/PN/208/Mar88(MG543567)同源性最高,二者的VP2基因片段序列一致性为99.1％;接种病毒后的CHSE-214细胞内存在大量呈晶格状排列的无囊膜病毒粒子,3株IPNV分离株在CHSE-214细胞上的平均滴度分别为107.43 TCID50/0.1 mL(IPNV-F1)、107.30 TCID50/0.1 mL(IPNV-W1)和107.29 TCID50/0.1 mL(IPNV-W2);分别以0.1 mL/尾的剂量向健康虹鳟幼鱼腹腔注射各IPNV分离株,在攻毒后60 d内虹鳟未出现死亡,攻毒后30 d时,病毒在组织中的平均滴度分别为104.50 TCID50/0.1 g组织(IPNV-F1)、105.38 TCID50/0.1 g组织(IPNV-W1)和104.13 TCID50/0.1 g组织(IPNV-W2),攻毒后60 d时,病毒在组织中的平均滴度下降为103.43 TCID50/0.1 g组织(IPNV-F1)、104.50 TCID50/0.1 g组织(IPNV-W1)和103.21 TCID50/0.1 g组织(IPNV-W2).研究表明,该发病养殖场同时存在基因组Ⅰ型和Ⅴ型的IPNV,本研究首次从同一养殖场分离到两种基因型的IPNV,可为中国传染性胰脏坏死病(IPN)的防控提供参考.     

Transport of cadmium from soil to grain in cereal crops: A review

Due to rapid urbanization and industrialization, many soils for crop production are contaminated by cadmium(Cd), a heavy metal highly toxic to many organisms. Cereal crops such as rice, wheat, maize, and barley are the primary dietary source of Cd for humans, and reducing Cd transfer from soil to their grains is therefore an important issue for food safety. During the last decade, great progress has been made in elucidating the molecular mechanisms of Cd transport, particularly in rice. Inter-and intraspecific variations in Cd accumulation have been observed in cereal crops. Transporters for Cd have been identified in rice and other cereal crops using genotypic differences in Cd accumulation and mutant approaches. These transporters belong to different transporter families and are involved in the uptake, vacuolar sequestration, root-to-shoot translocation, and distribution of Cd. Attempts have been made to reduce Cd accumulation in grains by manipulating these transporters through overexpression or knockout of the transporter genes, as well as through marker-assisted selection breeding based on genotypic differences in Cd accumulation in the grains. In this review, we describe recent progress on molecular mechanisms of Cd accumulation in cereal crops and compare different molecular strategies for minimizing Cd accumulation in grains.     

基于准静态同轴探头模型的土壤复介电测量方法

末端开路同轴探头法测量土壤复介电值用于表征土壤含水率具有准确、快捷的优点。针对目前土壤介电同轴探头集总测量模型没有充分考虑探头的参数以及土壤体积对测量结果影响等问题，基于电磁场理论，对末端开路同轴探头建立了准静态数学模型，适用于土壤的复介电常数准确测量。通过全波软件仿真和模型计算结果对比，以无水乙醇介电实测值和理论值对比，验证模型的准确性。采用本文介电测量模型对不同含水率的黄绵土进行测量计算，复介电常数实部与实测土壤含水率二阶多项式拟合决定系数大于0.965，表明本文所提土壤介电测量方法适用于土壤复介电常数和含水率的测量。     

牛TLR4基因生物信息学分析

为了更加深入地了解牛TLR4基因的功能、结构及与该基因有关联的疾病识别及其致病机理,利用牛TLR4基因的氨基酸序列对其编码蛋白的基本理化性质、蛋白质译后的磷酸化位点和糖基化位点以及跨膜结构域和蛋白质结构进行预测。结果显示,牛TLR4基因一共编码841个氨基酸,负电荷残基总和(Asp+Glu)为84,正电荷残基总和(Arg+Lys)为76,不稳定指数小于40,表明该基因编码产物稳定性较好。在该基因整个编码产物中,亲水氨基酸占比较多,平均分值为-0.011,由此得知TLR4基因编码的蛋白质是一种易溶蛋白。有9个潜在的N-糖基化位点;78个磷酸化位点以及存在一个跨膜蛋白和存在信号肽,其切割位点在第25和第26个氨基酸之间。蛋白质的二、三级结构预测结果显示,二级结构和三级结构均由α-螺旋、β-折叠和无规则卷曲组成,其在生物合成、基因表达与调控等方面有重要作用。本研究结果可为牛TLR4基因深入研究提供理论基础。     

离子交换纤维对麦田土壤铅污染的修复效果

为探讨土壤Pb污染的治理方法,通过盆栽试验,比较了离子交换纤维的两种不同放置方式(分层放置与混匀放置)对麦田土壤Pb污染的修复效果。结果表明,在土壤1 000 mg·kg~(-1) Pb污染水平下,Pb污染处理(T1:Pb胁迫;T2:Pb+在土壤中分三层放置纤维;T3:Pb+在土壤中混匀剪碎的纤维)的土壤pH值、总有机碳含量较对照(CK:未添加Pb和离子交换纤维)有所降低。在小麦成熟期,T2、T3处理下土壤和植株各部位的Pb含量均低于T1处理,其中T3处理变化显著;T2、T3处理中纤维吸附的Pb含量则分别达到115.01和128.26 mg·kg~(-1)。T2、T3处理的Pb富集系数低于T1处理及CK。由此说明,离子交换纤维能够有效吸附土壤中的Pb,降低Pb从土壤向植株的转运能力,且离子交换纤维混匀放置方式的修复效果较好。     

Effects of histone hypomethylation induced by alcohol during pregnancy on overexpression of cardiomyogenesis genes offspring mice

AIM:To investigate the effects of histone methylation on the abnormal expression of cardiomyogenesis genes caused by alcohol during pregnancy and the regulatory mechanism, and to provide a new idea and intervention targets for preventing and curing congenital heart disease. METHODS:The alcohol (56%, 5 mL/kg) and G9a-histone methyltransferases (HMT) inhibitor BRD4770 (1 mg/kg) were given by gavage in Kunming mice during embryo (E) 0.5~14.5 d, and the hearts of the mice in E14.5, E16.5 and post neonatal 0.5 d (PND0.5) were collected. The mRNA expression of Gata4, Cx43 and β-MHC genes was detected by RT-qPCR. The activity of HMT was measured by colorimetry. Meanwhile, the protein expression of histone H3K9me3, G9a-HMT, Cx43 and β-MHC was determined by Western blot. RESULTS:The results of colorimetry showed that the activity of HMT in the heart of the offspring mice treated with alcohol during pregnancy was decreased significantly compared with normal saline group (P<0.05), and Western blot data showed that the expression of G9a-HMT and histone H3K9me3 were apparently decreased in the same samples (P<0.05). The mRNA expression levels of Gata4, Cx43 and β-MHC in alcohol group were apparently increased compared with normal saline group (P<0.05). Meanwhile, the protein levels of Cx43 and β-MHC were increased significantly in the same samples (P<0.05). However, BRD4770, a G9a-HMT inhibitor, further attenuated the level of histone H3K9me3, and further upregulated the expression of Gata4, Cx43 and β-MHC in the heart of the the mice treated with alcohol (P<0.05). CONCLUSION:Histone methylation modification imbalance induced by G9a-HMT may be involved in the abnormal expression of cardiomyogenesis genes in the heart of offspring mice caused by alcohol during pregnancy.